Downstream signaling involves PI3K/AKT, MAPK/ERK, and PLC- pathways, which are well-characterized drivers of synaptogenesis, dendritic spine maturation, and neuronal survival
Methionine sulfoxide can be subsequently reduced back to methionine by specific reductases, thereby restoring A1ATs functionality and enabling continuous ROS scavenging ( Beside the described scavenging effect, however, oxidation of methionine residues leads to a decrease in the protective effect of A1AT as a protease inhibitor ( For this reason, an increasing number of studies reports the development of engineered forms of A1AT, with amino acid substitution at methionine 351 and 358, designed to keep the anti-protease activity, even in a oxidative microenvironment ( Additionally, the cysteine residues in A1AT may undergo oxidation, which decreases ROS levels
Archived from the original on 9 September 2010
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